Perhaps I should start by saying that I have never had a dog I would have wished
to replicate. There was Nappy, the poodle-shaped blur of my toddler years. Sweet
little Woof, never the brightest bulb in the canine kingdom. Lawrence, the labrador,
who barked at suitcases on wheels. My sister's Irish setter, who gathered up
the ripest of our unwashed laundry and slept in it. I won't bore you with the
rest of my dog-owning history, except to add that I liked all my dogs, toilet-drinkers
though they were, mourned their passing -- and trooped cheerfully off to the
animal shelter when the time came for a new one.
I am not, in other words, the target customer for Genetic Savings
and Clone, a company that offers to store the DNA of your aging dog or cat so
that one just like it may someday be cloned for you, at a cost, initially, of
about $200,000 each. The company is itself an offshoot of the Missyplicity Project,
founded in 1998 when an anonymous couple gave $2.3 million to Texas A&M University
so that biologists there might devote their considerable time and expertise to
the remaking of the couple's pet dog, Missy. Researchers hope to meet that goal
by the end of this year.
In the purity of its self-indulgence and the frivolousness of its purpose,
the Missyplicity project is unique. Why invest millions in pet cloning when
the world is full of sick children and stray dogs? But in another sense, it
is an entirely representative case -- a riveting reminder of the way in which
the idea of cloning has been normalized, even cute-ified, in remarkably short
order.
Remember how it was just three years ago? In February 1997, when scientists
in Edinburgh unveiled Dolly, a cloned sheep, the whole idea of cloning mammals
-- and the path it seemed to open to the cloning of humans -- struck countless
observers as a hideous portent of science out of control. Writing of cloning's
potential for commodifying human life and further depersonalizing reproduction,
the moral philosopher Leon Kass warned, "Shallow are the souls that have forgotten
how to shudder."
Who shudders now? Last month, when PPL Therapeutics, a biotech company, revealed
that it had produced five cloned pigs, the story didn't even make the front
page of many newspapers. When the Discovery Channel sponsored the thawing of
a woolly mammoth -- which scientists hoped to clone -- Larry Agenbroad, a paleontologist
involved with the project, crowed: "When people say, 'Why clone a woolly mammoth?'
I say, 'Why not?' "His swagger was so convincing that the skeptical biologist
who protested that "life isn't something you start and stop like a record. It
has to go on in continuum" sounded like a querulous Luddite -- even to millions
who had applauded the didactic ending of "Jurassic Park."
"There are theological objections to this work, but the objectors have to back
off," Michael Archer, a scientist working on the cloning of the extinct Tasmanian
tiger, has said. "This is the way science, and life, is going."
Not all cloning projects are alike, and cloned pigs, it must be said, may someday
save the lives of people in need of transplants. And yet, every news account
that wallows in porcine cuteness ("the baby pigs playfully wrestled and nibbled
on one another's ears at the news conference") or matter-of-factly reports their
beneficial effect on PPL's stock price, makes the whole Frankensteinian business
seem that much more banal. Every breakthrough in animal cloning makes human
cloning not just more technically plausible, but more emotionally plausible.
In February, the European Patent Office admitted that it had -- by mistake --
issued a patent that could include human cloning.
It's true that many technological innovations that once seemed disturbingly
unnatural -- in vitro fertilization, for one -- have been folded more or less
smoothly into the fabric of modern life. But human cloning is different. It
would be a quantum leap toward the manufacture of children as consumer goods.
And it would introduce a new kind of intergenerational tyranny: who can doubt
that a child endowed with -- specifically chosen to have -- a previously used
genotype would grow up fettered by parents' Procrustean expectations of how
those genes should perform? "It is pertinent to ask," wrote Ian Wilmut and Keith
Campbell, the scientists who brought us Dolly, "whether curiosity, vanity, the
wish for personal power or an undoubtedly misguided desire for immortality really
are good enough reasons for bringing a child into the world."
In its own small or maybe not so small way, the Missyplicity Project is the
cloning frontier's worst moral offender. That's because it represents the first
example of cloning for sentimental reasons, the first attempt to recreate a
specific animal, and so feeds the illusion that those we love can be replaced
by genetic copies. It doesn't matter that Missyplicity's backers admit a clone
can duplicate only a creature's genetic material, not its identity. The fantasy
they are playing to is of resurrection. The Texas A&M scientists say they have
already been inundated with requests from people whose pet "is dying or got
hit by a car or . . . is just getting old." And for three years, Ian Wilmut
has been taking calls from grieving parents and others begging him to clone
their loved ones back to life. Cloyingly, incrementally, Missyplicity and its
ilk make the manufacture of replacement-model humans seem that much more imaginable.
And that, I think, is still worth a shudder.